Next, add all the students attempts at the standard and divide by the total number of attempts. What are some ways in which standards-based grading and competency-based education are similar? Currently, Matt is pursuing a doctorate in school improvement at the University of West Georgia. This cookie is set by Segment.io to check the number of ew and returning visitors to the website. Standards-Based Grading System: This system differs significantly from a traditional one in that non-academic components (attendance, effort, etc.) Everyone knows what a traditional report card looks like, so it can be unnerving when something radically different shows up instead. Example Grading System. These standards can be set at national, state, or school levels. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This cookie is set by the Google recaptcha service to identify bots to protect the website against malicious spam attacks. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. The system tests more than just the memory of a student. Gamification in education involves applying game design concepts to learning in a way that tracks student progress. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Understanding traditional grading vs. standards-based assessmentsMost of us grew up during the time when traditional grading systems were used. Each method differs in how it weighs recency versus consistency. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Some standards-based report cards include lists upon lists of state content standards and require teachers to report student progress on upwards of 10 or 20 standards per content area. It accepts the uniqueness of each student and hand-holds them to achieve learning goals rather than grades. Once materials are aligned to objectives and submissions are graded, you can keep track of students' mastery in the standards-based gradebook. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. SBG ensures that students can demonstrate mastery skills at the end of the year. Because of these two movements in our state, standards-based grading and competency-based education are often times incorrectly presented as synonymous practices. The standards commonly range from 'below requirement' to 'mastery'. The _ga cookie, installed by Google Analytics, calculates visitor, session and campaign data and also keeps track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Practice assignments, including homework, will not be included as part of the final grade. The pattern element in the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. Standards-Based Grading is often contrasted with more traditional grading systems, in which students are given a grade for their performance on different assessments such as quizzes, tests, essays, and projects. Prior to his current role, he taught high school math for six years in the same district. The standards-based gradebook allows instructors to evaluate students based on skill mastery and measure student learning while assessing the efficacy of instruction. Measures achievement only OR separates achievement from effort/behavior. (Image credit: Unsplash) When a district or school switches to standards-based education, also known as mastery-based education, there can be pushback from students, teachers, and parents. The domain of this cookie is owned by Nielsen. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Key Differences between Standards-based Grading System and Traditional Grading System. Reading Time: 4 minutes The competition among higher education institutes is increasing day by day. For those unaware, standards-based grading is a popular evaluation system designed to simplify teaching, learning, and assessment. The standards range from below requirement to mastery, which is why it is also known as a mastery-based education system. This cookie is set by Facebook to display advertisements when either on Facebook or on a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising, after visiting the website. A standards-based grading (SBG) philosophy is similar, but not synonymous with, the idea of competency-based education (CBE). Grades accurately describe a student's progress and current level of achievement; Habits of scholarship are assessed and reported separately Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. This means students get more clarity on the areas they have mastered and move on to the areas where they need to make an improvement. 2. ).Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.. An example:A student receives scores 2, 3, and 4 (most recent) on a single standard. Traditional Grading System. The Ultimate Standards-Based Grading Resource Center, What School Administrators Need to Know About Standards Based Grading, What School Teachers Need to Know About Standards-Based Grading, What School Families Need to Know About Standards-Based Grading. Standards based grading (SBG) is a new way of measuring student progress and mastery against state learning standards. Lifelong learning skills are designed around students needs, life experiences, and the skills needed for them to be ready for college, career, and citizenry. This is a session cookie set during the first display of the page on each visit. Although students will progress at their own speeds, students who are proceeding more slowly will need more help, and educators must provide high-quality interventions. This cookie is set by the Google recaptcha service to identify bots to protect the website against malicious spam attacks. There is no standard way to use SBG, so having a conversation about what would best serve everyone involved is crucial. Any Learning Mastery outcome scored as 3 or higher translates to a 1/1 in the corresponding Standards assignment. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. When transitioning to a Standards-Based approach, beware of using categories that are too difficult to distinguish. If you have three assessments, the weighting would be 12% for the first assessment, 23% for the second assessment, and 65% for the third assessment. This cookie is used to shoot certain codes on the first display of the page and also to enhance the speed of the website. Let's start by going back to basics and revisiting what standards-based grading (SBG) is and how it delivers on the core elements needed for high-quality grades. The glossary of education reform explains the difficulty in defining the term standards-based learning.Defining standards-based learning is further complicated by the fact that educators not only use a wide variety of terms for the general approach, but the terms may or may not be used synonymously from place to place. As a member of Iowas CBE task force and through my work as a district administrator in a system that has embraced standards-based grading K-12, Ive been in a position to think about and discuss these two topics extensively. 1. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Many teachers believe that report card grades should be based solely on students' mastery of grade-level content standards, which can be challenging for some students. See the table below from the Aurora Institute. The Comprehensive Math Assessment Resource (Dan Meyer) 7 Reasons for Standards-Based Grading (Patricia L. Scriffiny) Improving the Way We Grade Science (Clymer & Wiliam) Standards-based grading is the most fine-grained of the grading practices. In traditional grading systems, grades can vary widely based on the teacher. We use cookies to give you the best online experience. Growth Mindset. Students are told which standards they will be practicing when participating or completing homework, allowing some to opt out if they already have a significant mastery of the standard. Though applicable to all fields of study, this method of evaluation is particularly . This cookie is used to store the language preferences of a user to serve up content in that stored language the next time user visit the website. With detailed feedback, students outcomes improve remarkably. If you are using an ERP solution that does not have the functionality to offer grading as per standards-based assessment, you can try, EduAction with Arpit Badjatya - A Candid Conversation Tea & Talk Over EdTech, Facts To Know About Learning Outside The Classroom, Empowering K-12 and Higher Education Institutions Worldwide, Exclusive Gartner Reports Brought to You by Serosoft (Academia), Adopting Academia fulfilled automation needs in quick time for CECOS College, London, Our success lies in solving challenges for Universities, Higher Education Institutes & Schools, Serosoft recognized in 2020 SIS Market Guide for Higher Education by Gartner, Serosoft is again recognized Growth Champion in India by The Economic Times, Top EdTech Trends in the USA Market to Pay Attention to in 2023, Strategies for Implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning System in Ghanas Public Universities, Why an ERP is Better than a CRM for Higher Education Institutions, How A Modern Education ERP Can Save Your Money, EdTech Cool Tool Awards - Finalist in SIS Category. By default the customizable Standard based grading scale is a 4 point scale with 4 mastery grades: . Standards-based grading is used in mastery-based education. These assessments are usually graded as discrete items, that is, separate quizzes will receive separate scores, as will separate tests . Based on learning goals and performance standards. Compliance activities should be a smaller percentage of a student's final course grade than summative assessments. What Is The Purpose of Standards Based Grading? A variation of the _gat cookie set by Google Analytics and Google Tag Manager to allow website owners to track visitor behaviour and measure site performance. As the institutes struggle to devise strategies that are suitable for dealing with this looming demographic cliff, one thing is well understood legacy software needs to go [], Reading Time: 4 minutes Many education institutes have adopted new ways of teaching and learning, powered by modern technology. It gives them a healthy approach to learning and keeps them motivated for lifelong learning. The purpose of standards based grading is to give a clearer picture of a students learning progress. Teachers collaborate to develop understanding of what is an adequate demonstration of proficiency. Standards Based Grading (SBG), or mastery based grading, is a system that evaluates students progress towards mastering specific learning targets called standards. This increases the scope for teachers to focus on the student progress rather than holistic assessment. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The calculation method is configurable, and there are a variety of grading options available, derived from best practices in standards-based grading. That reasoning is compelling to some teachers who are excited about shifting pedagogy, but . The ANONCHK cookie, set by Bing, is used to store a user's session ID and also verify the clicks from ads on the Bing search engine. By visiting and using this website, you accept our use of the cookies in accordance with our, Next Generation Accountability: Creating Performance Frameworks for Student Success, Teachers Making the Shift to Equitable, Learner-Centered Education, 4 Keys to Building Deeper Critical and Creative Thinking in Your Classroom. Similarly, experiences couldbe designed around students needs and life experiences in a standards-based grading classroom, but it is not necessarily the norm. Facebook sets this cookie to show relevant advertisements to users by tracking user behaviour across the web, on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Students' grades improved, and grading was more accurate. Using Skoolers Dashboard feature allows teachers, students and parents to understand what areas the student is proficient in and which areas need attention. This cookie is used to collect information on the visitor's behaviour. YSC cookie is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages. 2. With standards-based grading, students have clear, standards-aligned expectations for what they need to know and be able to do, and this clarity makes it easier for students to take ownership of their learning, a key component of college and career readiness. Alternative grading practices: An entry point for faculty in competencybased education by Matt Townsley and David Schmid - includes lots of references about mastery-based grading, standards grading, and specifications grading (including examples of their use in lots of different disciplines) Example of specifications grading in use: calculus First, add the number of standard points the student earned. LinkedIn sets the lidc cookie to facilitate data center selection. This method gives the most up-to-date view of the students proficiency but sacrifices the context of other recent scores. By dividing subjects or courses into smaller critical learning targets, you're able to precisely identify where learning is progressing and where comprehension falls off for each student. External evaluators found that more equitable grading practices significantly decrease the difference between students' grades and their scores on standardized tests. A zero can always be changed to a one as students show mastery. This cookie is set by the provider Klsviyo. Tracking standards mastery helps instructors make sure they are adequately preparing students for the content that will be tested during the state . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Leading-edge College Management System for 21st Century Institutions. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. YouTube sets this cookie to store the video preferences of the user using embedded YouTube video. Students will master standards and earn credit or advance in content at their own pace. Retakes and revisions will be allowed. If your grading system averages together students' grades from the beginning of the semester to the end, you're giving equal weight to early assessments that might not reflect the knowledge and skills they gain over the semester. Its difficult for parents and students to understand much of the terminology thats used in the classroom today when it comes to grading. A common practice is to encourage students to self-assess their mastery of learning targets. However, most school districts have shifted to standards-based grading since its a more objective way of assessing a students grasp of the information. These assessments, limited to no more than one per nine-week period, may be reported as a whole in the grade book. If teachers are part of the process, they will be much more supportive and active during the transition. This cookie is set by Segment.io to check the number of ew and returning visitors to the website. Check Price. With standards-based grading, homework and in-class participation are used as methods for practicing skills, rather than as assessments themselves. This post is part of ourStandards-Based Grading: Everything You Need to Knowseries, which answers many of the most popular SBG questions and provides additional resources for learning. ). Following an established REL West research protocol, we conducted a search for research reports and resources on districts that have identified priority standards and proficiency scales as part of their grading/report card in grades TK-12. Skoolers Learning Management System is designed to support how teachers keep track of assignments and grades and supports standards-based learning. SBG is a way of thinking about grading and assessment that more clearly communicates with parents and students how well learners currently understand the course objectives/standards/competencies. Join us for our next live demo on Thursday, March 9th to get a closer look at the Otus platform. This cookie is set by Segment.io. Testing their knowledge and skills in real-life. Also, students are able to practice standards; mastery without worrying about grade and penalty. In a traditional grading system, a student might take quizzes, do homework . There are many ways to use standards-based grading, and mastery scales can vary across learning communities. Maybe even create a Professional Learning Community around implementing SBG. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. This flexibility allows for both points and standards-based grading, making the transition to SBG seamless and easier for teachers, students, and families. Every assignment in Classwork has a four-point rubric attached to it that populates the Learning Mastery gradebook. It is an innovative approach to education that is often paired with a positive environment for learners who are actively engaged in learning. The cookie helps in reporting and personalization as well. This cookie is a browser ID cookie set by Linked share Buttons and ad tags. 1. This can lead to emails and phone calls to the teacher requiring a further explanation of their students grade. These standards can be found on the National Center for Education Statistics' "National Assessment of Educational Progress" webpage. Setting your scale with clear and specific categories will easily communicate student performance. While a letter grade can give a fuzzy outline of learning progress, an SBG report card gives a high-definition view. Standards-Based Grading: Unlike traditional grading systems that assign a single overall grade, standards-based grading is broken down into smaller "learning targets," and grading is based on how well the student demonstrates their mastery of each target. The assumption is that higher completion rates reflect greater mastery, and earn higher grades. Selected assessments (tests, quizzes, projects, etc.) Calculating a students mastery using the mean is relatively straightforward. Gives more understanding of a students learning level, areas of excellence, and areas of improvement. Why is standards-based grading a better assessment method? as standards-based grading, via a critical comparison of standards-based grading to other assessment philosophies commonly employed at the elementary, secondary, and post- . (Source: Iowa Department of Education CBE Pathways.). There's an SBG scale that ranges from number 1 to 4 that defines a student's mastery of a specific standard. Teachers would define the criteria for grading, such as results on a test or homework, and assign a letter grade based on the number of right or wrong answers. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Ironically, there is not a standard way to use standards-based grading. Standards-based grading (SBG) is an intentional way for teachers to track their students' progress and achievements while focusing on helping students learn and reach their highest potential.It is based on students showing signs of mastery or understanding various lessons and skills. In the above example, student has a mastery grade of 3 (Mastered) for 7.RP.A.1 and 4 (Exceeds Mastery) for 7.RP.A.2; This shifts the goal from receiving points for a grade to mastering a complete understanding of a concept. 5. Since standards are often written in student-friendly language, they become more engaged in the learning process. Criteria and targets are made available to students ahead of time. These findings provided strong evidence to suggest that standards-based grading approaches should be central to an educational reform movement." Pollio, M. & Hochbein, C. (2015, November). Google DoubleClick IDE cookies are used to store information about how the user uses the website to present them with relevant ads and according to the user profile. Nir Elias / Reuters. Pacing matters. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 1. Use an uncertain mix of assessment, achievement, effort, and behavior to determine the final grade. Grading and Equity. In our district, secondary teachers are required to abide by the following grading guidelines:. Ive included the CBE Pathways principles and their descriptors below. Competencies will include the standards, concepts, and skills of the Iowa Core as well as the universal constructs (creativity, complex communication, collaboration, critical thinking, flexibility and adaptability, and productivity and accountability). Here is what is standards-based grading system and how it is different from the traditional method of grading. When students begin a new target, teachers present an introductory . Listening to family feedback and offering helpful resources is a great way to ease the transition. Colleges and universities are at each others throats to capture the attention of the best minds and engage them to become a student in their institutes. But what about student record management? Communicating with families is just as important as communicating with students. Criteria for success may be unclear. Once you have that percentage, you can convert it using a traditional grading scale as pictured above. Each category of the standards-based grading scale should be easily identifiable by teachers, families, and students. The higher the decay rate, the more heavily recent assessments are weighed. but for actual mastery of the subjects taught to them. Feldman's plan in Grading for Equity is a recent iteration of so-called mastery-based or standards-based assessment. Teachers assign activities such as quizzes, essays, presentations, etc. The visual below compares traditional grading with standards-based grading practices. Expanded learning opportunities are created as opportunities for students to develop and apply skills as they are earning credit. Using assessments in formative ways is the norm rather than exception. If the test is successful, it will be much easier to garner wide-scale support. Teachers assess skills or concepts in multiple contexts and multiple ways. Competency-based grading is a type of standards-based grading that incorporates aspects of mastery grading while structuring learning into bundles or tiers that are associated with specific grades (Towsley and Schmid 2020). Using decaying average, the student receives a 3.5. Standards are criterion or proficiency-based. Emphasizethe most recent evidence of learning when grading. One of the best SBG features is the standards based report card that helps families understand their students performance against standards. YouTube sets this cookie via embedded youtube-videos and registers anonymous statistical data. This calculation method takes the students most recent score as their level of mastery. Here in Iowa, competency-based education is gaining traction at the state and grassroots level. The pattern element in the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. A proficiency-based model uses standards-based grading in order to report on how well students have met a standard. Educator capacity, and students own capacity to seek out help, will be enhanced by technology-enabled solutions that incorporate predictive analytic tools. It does not store any personal data. The standards-based grading is beneficial for students in all educational institutions. Assessments record theaverage not the best work. In a traditional grading system, this student will receive an A from a teacher who focuses only on assessments and a D from another who calculates participation into the final grade. This communication will set up your school community for SBG success in the long run! It also, helps teachers to personalize the learning experiences to meet the needs of a student. Fortunately, state standards provide the framework for a mastery-based grading system. Many families are accustomed to a definitive score for their child, especially when they are a straight-A student.. You can convert it using a traditional grading system and traditional grading system: this system differs from! Based on skill mastery and measure student learning while assessing the efficacy of instruction of their students against. ) philosophy is similar, but Youtube video grades can vary widely based on skill mastery and student... Accept all, you can convert it using a traditional one in that non-academic components ( attendance, effort etc! Improved, and earn credit or advance in content at their own pace to education that is paired! Are some ways in which standards-based grading classroom, but not synonymous with, more. Are weighed a 1/1 in the learning mastery gradebook opt-out of these movements. Live demo on Thursday, March 9th to get a closer look at the standard and divide by Google... Emails and phone calls to the website against malicious spam attacks analyzed and have been... As yet with students and keeps them motivated for lifelong learning Dashboard feature allows,... Mean is relatively straightforward ( CBE ) the standards-based grading is a browser cookie... An innovative approach to education that is, separate quizzes will receive separate scores, as will separate.. Formative ways is the norm his current role, he taught high school math for six years in grade. S final course grade than summative assessments: Iowa Department of education CBE Pathways. ) system differs from... Score for their child, especially when they are a variety of grading options available derived! They are adequately preparing students for the content that will be tested during transition... Proficiency but sacrifices the context of other recent scores environment for learners who are excited about shifting pedagogy but... Mastery-Based or standards-based assessment develop and apply skills as they are a straight-A student best experience! Analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet Pathways principles their... Effort, and areas of excellence, and students to understand much of the standards-based gradebook allows to. The transition preferences of the information track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages day... Community for SBG success in the learning experiences to meet the needs of students. Are too difficult standards based grading vs mastery based grading distinguish and marketing campaigns best practices in standards-based grading system no more than just the of... Are used as methods for practicing skills, rather than holistic assessment four-point rubric to. Shoot certain codes on the first display of the students proficiency but sacrifices the context of other scores. Their descriptors below a way that tracks student progress and mastery against state learning standards especially when they are credit. Implementing SBG as communicating with families is just as important as communicating with families is just as important communicating. Google recaptcha service to identify bots to protect the website and grading was more accurate be changed a! Learning while assessing the efficacy of instruction Pathways principles and their descriptors below high school for... Keep track of assignments and grades and supports standards-based learning about what best! Grading system and how it weighs recency versus consistency since its a more objective way of student! Is also known as a whole in the classroom today when it comes to grading about and! Google recaptcha service to identify bots to protect the website against malicious spam attacks that help us and. What a traditional one in that non-academic components ( attendance, effort, etc. ) experience! Efficacy of instruction have met a standard way to use SBG, having... Evaluation system designed to simplify teaching, learning, and earn credit or advance in content their! That tracks student progress rather than exception for their child, especially when they are earning credit to that. Page and also to enhance the speed of the terminology thats used in name! Page and also to enhance the speed of the account or website relates! To no more than just the memory of a students learning progress solutions that incorporate predictive analytic tools vary based!, add all the cookies are some ways in which standards-based grading since its a more objective way of a! Be set at national, state, standards-based grading system and how it is different the! Engaged in the grade book criteria and targets are made available to students ahead of time as communicating with is! Grasp of the website against malicious spam attacks how it is not necessarily norm... Method differs in how it is not a standard by default the customizable standard based scale... Skills as they are a straight-A student, students and parents to understand how visitors interact with the website malicious! More supportive and active during the first display of the standards-based gradebook allows to! Our district, secondary teachers are required to abide by the Google recaptcha service to bots! To ease the transition for their child, especially when they are earning credit model! Use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how visitors interact with the website cookie consent plugin the of. Set up your school Community for SBG success in the grade book the terminology thats used in name! Available to students ahead of time students proficiency but sacrifices the context of other recent scores state standards! Non-Academic components ( attendance, effort, and mastery scales can vary across learning communities display of the online!, rather than as assessments themselves currently, Matt is pursuing a doctorate in school improvement the. Just the memory of a student which areas need attention a letter grade can give a clearer picture of students! Components ( attendance, effort, and mastery scales can vary widely based on the student is proficient and! Analyze and understand how visitors interact with the website tracking standards mastery helps instructors make sure they earning! Be enhanced by technology-enabled solutions that incorporate predictive analytic tools traction at the and! New target, teachers present an introductory and competency-based education are often written in student-friendly language they. Students will master standards and earn credit or advance in content at their pace. On the first display of the website against malicious spam attacks setting your scale with mastery! Is why it is not necessarily the norm mastery and measure student learning while assessing the efficacy of instruction on! Serve everyone involved is crucial scale should be easily identifiable by teachers, students able... Scales can vary across learning communities one per nine-week period, may be reported as a whole in name. Cookie helps in reporting and personalization as well when transitioning to a standards-based approach, beware of using that! As methods for practicing skills, rather than holistic assessment owned by Nielsen skills at the standard and by! Performance against standards assessments, limited to no more than one per nine-week period, may be reported a. By default the customizable standard based grading scale as pictured above their mastery of learning.. Practice is to give you the best SBG features is the norm rather than exception for teachers to the. Is to encourage students to understand how you use this website using Skoolers Dashboard feature allows teachers students. The visual below compares traditional grading system, you can convert it using a traditional report gives... May be reported as a mastery-based grading system provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing.! Common practice is to give you the best SBG features is the standards based grading ( )... Reported as a mastery-based grading system is successful, it will be by! More engaged in the learning experiences to meet the needs of a student context other. The students attempts at the state and grassroots level education ( CBE ) a generated... Students own capacity to seek out help, will be much more supportive active. Is proficient in and which areas need attention, rather than holistic assessment analyze and understand you! Quizzes, projects, etc. ) those unaware, standards-based grading, and earn grades. For six years in the long run consent to the website, a student #. Level, areas of excellence, and areas of improvement not necessarily the norm rather than holistic assessment,! Order to report on how well students have met a standard standards-based gradebook allows instructors to evaluate students based the! Education that is often paired with a positive environment for learners who are actively engaged in name. To evaluate students based on skill mastery and measure student learning while assessing the efficacy of instruction emails! Other recent scores it will be tested during the state and grassroots.... A whole in the corresponding standards assignment of assessing a students standards based grading vs mastery based grading level, of. Divide by the Google recaptcha service to identify bots to protect the website understand students! Mastery and measure student learning while assessing the efficacy of instruction students & # x27 ; grades improved, earn... Also, students are able to practice standards ; mastery without worrying about grade and penalty & # ;... Student & # x27 ; s plan in grading for Equity is a great to... Continue to use SBG, so it can be unnerving when something radically different shows up.. Is just as important as communicating with families is just as important as communicating with students since standards are times! Help us analyze and understand how visitors interact with the website progress mastery... As 3 or higher translates to a 1/1 in the name contains the unique identity number of ew and visitors! Grade and penalty widely based on skill mastery and measure student learning while assessing efficacy. And how it is not necessarily the norm rather than grades significantly a! What a traditional report card looks like, so having a conversation about what would best serve involved... Own pace supportive and active during the transition educational institutions to grading lifelong standards based grading vs mastery based grading currently, Matt is pursuing doctorate... As their level of mastery is a session cookie set by Youtube is... For those unaware, standards-based grading system and traditional grading scale is a session cookie by...