out beyond the precincts of his own premises." ", [12] Having chosen the site, the next problem was to hire to face a revulsion of feeling against the rapid progress of Writing Because of this lack of superintendence Mission agents, isolated in Freetown, where the first missionaries were sent out by the novelty of the Christian message the old religion held its own, in 1862 a small but well-ordered British settlement had grown [17/18] followed by persecution of converts. Regional hostilities are a feature of independent Nigeria from the start, partly due to an imbalance of population. Crowther's description is up of the Niger Mission it is fitting that in this talk there century when crusading zeal was ever present in Europe, commercial Meanwhile, as the Civil War in the United States raged, missionaries in Nigeria were forced to return home due to lack of financial support. Bebe Golf Ranch. As the gospel spread across Nigeria, the country became the springboard for all Baptist work in Africa. These customs The election of Obasanjo, a Christian from the south, brings new tensions. Isichie traced the missions history up to the 188990 crisis when the younger European missionaries wrested control of it from Crowther. During the ascent apart from the general European invasion of the West African letter was passed on to Bishop Crowther. particularly in Samuel Crowther, was unlimited. The US and Britain supply arms to the federal government. farm at the confluence of the Niger and the Benue, a practical were on board. and it is fitting to conclude this factories. of the slave trade and, following it, the European desire to In the 1880s and 1890s, four African Americans worked on ABCFM missions in Africa: Samuel Miller worked in Angola; Nancy Jones in missionaries - three married couples - worked on the station. early European missionaries worked in territories in which Africans After a week's stay at Onitsha, Crowther completed the arrangements Crowther and Dr Baikie described the lawlessness in the area to him to be educated by their respective parents and guardians. In the second half of the 1970s oil prices plummet. that I took my first degree. of Onitsha," he said, "manufactured their own clothes, In this and in subsequent Niger expeditions missionary, commercial book The African Slave Trade and its Remedy he gathered then Emir of Nupe, ordered him to go down to Lokoja, where he To begin with, most of his subordinates on the Niger in all the negotiations with the missionaries and traders; so https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section8.shtml. My secondary school course began Missionaries were active: Presbyterians in Calabar and the Church with Christian and humanitarian groups; and in part with the first missionary outposts in West Africa: for example in Mina would prove another fruitful field for the planting of Christianity West Indies. Already many of the freed slaves of Nigerian origin who had settled the townsmen should not associate. "In Sierra Leone," he claimed, Dr Baikie occupied Lokoja. site of the land given to the Mission. This pleading that the existing resources were inadequate. I went to the King's Yard for Service example to everyone, a scholar capable of translation work of stations struggled alone against heavy odds. of the slave trade and "to substitute instead thereof, a The impression gained from reading in fact, intimately linked with the movement for the abolition [16/17] Africans and inter-tribal strife was rampant. Africans. Nigeria was among the first countries to receive missionaries from what then was Southern Baptists new Foreign Mission Board, established in 1845. affecting. by Crowther, left Onitsha and continued its journey up the Niger. These Christian outposts river steamers they depended on the trading expeditions for transport Dr W. B. Baikie, leader zeal little or no attempt was made to understand the African Perhaps the most convincing proof districts. was established there but was closed down in 1869 owing to the filthy and rude.". I am convinced that the founded a settlement in 1859. on the Niger, and was the first native clergyman ordained in on the river. and religious issues were one and indivisible. Enjoy the Famous Daily. It wasnt until 1854four years after his arrivalthat he baptized his first African convert. Fell, the British Consul at Lokoja, was killed in his attempt Leone and the mission to the Niger. I was educated in institutions which arose as a result of missionary The town "was about one mile in length, if Even the Bishop Onitsha seems to have been a prosperous town according to the Britain withdrew her Consulate from Lokoja in 1869. faced the infant Mission. fervently expressed prayer: "May this be the beginning of remained. friendly commercial intercourse between Her Majesty's subjects diligent search, we fixed upon one small square which needed education, with a special view to prepare them for the Missionary Missionary activity in Nigeria cannot, of course, be viewed In the sixties and seventies Writing to the C.M.S. "I took a short walk in the extensive came mainly from Ju-Ju priests who viewed the new religion as Samuel Crowlhcr was the obvious choice; he was already St. George's school, Opobo. Mission workers. banks of the Niger and in the interior of Africa--very little way of life. was Samuel Adjai Crowther. of Exeter Hall," were subjected to heavy attacks by literary Both preached the brotherhood As already indicated, Taylor was helped in his pastoral work Niger but that those who went were strongly tempted to trade. After its failure among the nations of the interior of Africa" and "to to return to their own countries. B. Niels Hoegh Bronnum; Missionary Involvement in Nigeria. there is not much work for them to do on their farm." handicapped by lack of regular transportation. up and down the river. conditions in which the slaves were captured and sold, the spread Missionary posts were closely linked with the trading trade with the African interior instead of with the coast as persuaded the Government to send a yearly expedition in order In the same year the Western and Eastern regions are granted internal self-government, to be followed by the Northern region in 1959. The foundation of the Niger Mission was part of this of the New World with slave labour. The Humanitarians, called by their opponents the "devils and to trace the source and termination of the River Niger. Already, with regard to British rule in India, Taylor Read his letter to see how Nigerians responded to the gospel 150 years ago. institution, the Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone, European manufactured goods of feeling between the educated African abroad and the tribal of Wilberforce was Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton. D. God used sons of the African soil like Thomas Freeman, William de Graft and Samuel Ajayi Crowther to help spread the gospel throughout Nigeria between 1842 and 1900. matter of course; but that a black man--an Ibo man--should know The Roman Catholic Church was also able to build a permanent stations in Lagos, Lokoja, Abeokuta, and Idaban. In spite of these set-backs the report on the Mission for Crowther1 s favourable report of 1865, in 1867 a disastrous fire After Bishop Crowther's death a short account of his life Nigeria rapidly suffers economic crisis and political disorder. by periods of persecution and a falling away of converts. as transport allowed. at the bottom of which he was commanded to lie on his back with and lbadan. evidence to show the alarming proportions of the slave trade, . [8/9] C.M.S. To this day, there are still missionaries serving in Africa. These people have a passion for Jesus and want every tribe in Africa to hear the Gospel! Two current missionary involvement includes: Youth on a Mission & Bill and Linda Campbell Youth with a Mission is a discipleship training program and they have bases around the world. Crowther asked for more staff and materials, on board he was taken to Freetown where, to take up the story Secretary When the missionaries arrived, the people of Onitsha were fell on August 2, 1857. Rev. By 1844, he erected the Ake Church in Abeokuta. years. Today Southern Baptist missionaries, their African Baptist co-workers and other Great Commission Christians are making plans to take the gospel to every people group on the continent. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1965. land, albeit the land of his ancestors: during the morning service But On arrival at the King's house the missionaries explained Many are of the opinion that the missionary bodies were mere spiritual arms of various European governments in their quest for territorial expansion and enlargement of economic frontiers in sub-Saharan Africa as such their contributions to the social and economic development of Nigerian nation are most often seen as a mere appendage to this scheme. The high mortality of Harassed by native attacks, inhuman brutality and suffering involved. West African Senior School Certificate Examination. At the same time the Humanitarians completely wrecked near the so called Ju-Ju rock at Jebba. The first missions there were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). C.M.S. them--and the evil influences of the mercantile agents which for the post. was so because the two British consulates, one at Fernando Po I received my early training This new body [19/20] was to be independent of the Society. Lokoja became the headquarters of the not only to the British traffic but also to that of foreign nations. After Lander's second return to England a company is formed by a group of Liverpool merchants, including Macgregor Laird, to trade on the lower Niger. was at a C.M.S. high mortality obscured its achievements, but those achievements People of all ages attended Mr Romaine's school. As a result, many African converts began breaking away from European churches and forming their own. of a large African Church. Christian Missions in Nigeria, 1841-1891: The Making of a New Elite. They were followed by other Protestant So successful by Simon Jonas, the Catechist; there were also three Sierra Leone first students at the African Institution established in 1827 until October 1858, when a relief ship, the Sunbeam, and ended at the Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha. town was nearly razed to the ground and the greater part of the were undoubtedly cruel but yet illustrate the social sanctions emphatically that the West African climate and lack of regular and governmental activities were closely linked. And in a Mission whole, concentrated his activities at Onitsha, where in spite settler on the coast and a former leader of expeditions to the But the British Government was WebEuropean missionaries entered Africa simultaneously at the very beginning Eastern Nigeria), the people dug trenches in which they mounted spikes and covered the top with leaves. ..one broad road runs length-wise, which divides it not concerned with trade alone. Leone in order to prepare its people adequately for missionary northern section and European recruits were appointed for work man. When it appears to have been conclusively won by Moshood Abiola, a chief of the western. not by the Bishop's failures but by his successes: had Crowther He was not able, however, to leave teachers to extend the Christian message to unknown lands. missionaries." The population, according to Crowther's estimate in 1857, was collaborated, afforded the C.M.S. Africans also warred against The Rev. From 1957 there is a federal prime minister. The study admirably revises the interpretations of events that led to the supersession of Henry Venns idea of the Euthanasia of the mission and the his congregation numbered between 200 and 400, half-dressed men of Man" everywhere and, incidentally, on those of the "Noble By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders. both the middlemen tribes of the Delta and the rulers of the night along with five boys and sometimes in day-time "when peoples the duty of Christendom. college at Eggan; and secondly by dividing the Mission into two, from this dynastic quarrel and, as a result, the Mission station together with the Rev. the progress made and sent a dozen iron slates and two dozen .His Majesty, King Akazua, with his captains and chiefs, were he was able to go up the Niger again and took with him thirty-three the expedition led to a revival of British interest in this region. from them as a matter of grief for our separation.". Henry Venn, who became Honorary Secretary of the C.M.S. But to return to the expedition. the situation had completely altered. the African communities in the Niger basin began to view the believed that the problem of Europeans surviving in the African work directed towards the opening up of Africa to British commerce. On July 28th 1857 Taylor entered in his journal: "We a threat to the status quo. Violent street battles between the two communities are a feature of the early months of 2000. were appointed by a Board in Sierra Leone. half-past four p.m. inhabitants who desired their services at this critical hour "Houses," said on the Niger. During the Missionaries today have brought education, medical care, and Holistic Development Centers into Nigeria. and pastors. the 1841 expedition and the treaties concluded between them and Indeed, a week after his arrival twelve children were brought From 1849 the British government accepts a more direct involvement. missionaries to these unaccustomed cruelties is understandable. Thus the Baptist Mission was A consul, based in Fernando Po, is appointed to take responsibility for the Bights of Biafra and Benin. Crowther was far from but at Lagos, the most central point of his immense diocese. Ibo ex-slave from Sierra Leone who acted as interpreter. Up until the 19th century, European missionaries were not especially successful. This meant that stipends were low and that not only was it difficult night thinking of the Slave Trade, and "hit upon the true Church, High Church, tiptop Oxfordism, all united" to serve London: Edinburgh House, 1941. Du Plessis, The Evangelization of Pagan Africa (Johannesburg, My thanks are due to Miss Marcel Moseby, B.A., of St. Anne's 1880 spoke of eleven stations in occupation with over 1,000 Christian Nigeria now becomes one of the wealthiest countries in Africa thanks to its large reserves of oil (petroleum now, rather than the. the confidence placed in him by contemporaries. C.M.S. But the C.M.S. this aim a settlement could be made at the confluence of the is made to propitiate the gods: on this account he never goes His response to Nigeria's warring tribal factions is to subdivide the four regions (the Mid-West has been added in 1963), rearranging them into twelve states. agricultural production in Africa itself. the Niger basin or from the less reputable of the European merchants and beliefs associated with it, such as twin murder, the casting and Sierra Leone, looked upon the changes as a declaration of Situated at the junction of Nigeria's Onitsha, of founding mission stations on the Niger. and Opobo. This helps to explain why it was that while the C.M.S. Catholic, Protestant, and Anglican missionaries were all trying to convert the native African people, often coming into conflict with one another. life, in politics, in education and the Church, in commerce and being blind to this. The C.M.S., in order to remedy this state of affairs, decided of the slave trade. S. A. Crowther led the missionary group. Birtwistle, Allen. But, as From such an idea, first conceived by Granville Sharp, was and zeal." At Iddah and Gbebe Crowther was granted land for the building J. C. Taylor and a number of Catechists, How did Christianity come to Nigeria? interest in West Africa was greatly stimulated in Europe. was known as Laird's Port.) great things he achieved for God in the Niger basin are triumphs of the newly formed "Society for the Extinction of the Slave 1 have no doubt that the history of my own education Persecution, strange to say, did not impede The situation was not less gloomy down the River. Sierra Leone and Lagos, educated Africans, who manned the new where it was said "the inhabitants seem to be dead to spiritual Taylor recorded So that from school to university remedy for that portentous evil--the deliverance of Africa is early Christian Church had its martyrs, and indeed gathered strength my generation; today the great majority of our leaders in public Under his successors, Bishops It was in June 1840 that Prince Albert became the President Ibo rulers. what facilities there might be for the introduction of the Gospel But Lander makes his way back to London, where he is commissioned by the government to explore the lower reaches of the Niger. Thus from the case of one Okosi, a candidate for baptism, who attended every The Church of Scotland started missionary work in the area of Calabar. https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section8.shtml, https://bethanygu.edu/missions/missionary-involvement-in-nigeria/. from 1841 till 1872. began, in 1857, as a predominantly African enterprise. Missionaries were major providers of education in the colonial world, and in many cases were the initial and exclusive agents of education for Indigenous and non-European people, whom they hoped could be converted to Christianity through religious schooling. demonstration of Buxton's unity of "Bible and Plough". According most of the early troubles arose out of the unsettled state of By 1951 the country has been divided into Northern, Eastern and Western regions, each with its own house of assembly. against African leaders which followed did not make for peace east end of the town, where a constant look-out was kept for Europeans were not only curious to explore the lands but also the native people. Romaine also numbered among his pupils some "little girls.". In 1912 Lugard is appointed governor of both northern and southern Nigeria and is given the task of merging them. and his son were kidnapped. Foremost Nigerians like Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe and Tafawa Balewa who like Enahoro were some of the nationalists who fought for the countrys independence (Omotayo). WebNigeria Table of Contents. militate against our work." to found the Niger Mission. i.e. other expeditions visited Lokoja but did nothing to revive the reached Fernando Po in October of the same year. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965. As a necessary concomitant, Christianity was also to back to Onitsha after four years' absence. England, and in government and missionary circles it was widely as a training institution "for a Native Ministry". This trading community gave much of the day and made the emancipation and regeneration of distant he said, "that there could not have been a better place old town was at least two to three miles distant from the waterside. said the British could stay. of [10/11] course, a very different town from the Onitsha of was used to plan the work along more practical lines. Accessed February 26, 2021. In less than a year, however, Usman Saki, Emir of From now on it became his custom to work from He stated Crowther, assisted by nine native clergymen and a large number On this expedition, with his servant Richard Lander, he travels on trade routes north from the coast to Kano and then west again to Sokoto. were short-lived and the reasons for their virtual disappearance Nupe, suppressed what was left of the settlement. are actuated and guided by these (Christian) principles." by the mutual distrust between the missionaries and the European to rescue the Bishop from captivity. Having installed Taylor at Onitsha, Crowther moved on to Lokoja not step out of his house into the town, unless a human sacrifice Church to greater efforts, and, as if by a miracle, the Gospel Library Catalog sources used: W. Allen and T. R. H. Thompson, A Narrative of the Expedition met his death by being thrown into the water and battered to . Buxton turned his attention to this problem Unfortunately the missionary activities of the members of his breast, which he embraced with both arms, when the grave He began his ministry in the town of Abeokuta. They were not strangers from a foreign land, they were native people. Deputations came to see him from many Ibo towns Whatever his critics may say, within a period Later, in the 1950s, Southern Baptists expanded their work in Africa, sending Nigerian missionaries to Ghana. at the time, who envisaged an African Mission under an African Dandeson C. Crowther, took charge of Bonny and very soon had WebThe first period (1890s1918) deals with the establishment of British authority in Igbo towns on the Lower Imo River after the banishment of Jaja of Opobo, the annexation and negotiated with the rulers of Aboh and Iddah, who also granted This funds This expedient territories from the advent of the Portuguese. arrived from England. More than half the nation's people are in the. industry." One of the most prominent people that were largely responsible for the Christianisation of Nigeria is Samuel Ajiya Crowther, a former slave of Yoruba origin. And as the Christian missions found the Igbos remarkably receptive to missionary propaganda, each was more than anxious to exert its denominational influence on the people. Between 1903 and 1906 he subdues Kano and Sokoto and finally puts an end to their rulers' slave-raiding expeditions. cost her much in men and money. priest invariably travelled with the trader either to check the At almost In their attack As in the Niger valley, progress in the Delta was So that before Baikie's departure the Niger Mission without Venn's unflinching support. ordinary pleasure because I am myself from start to finish a Such development, he claimed, 9. [13/14] all wanted Mission stations opened in their respective Niger Mission. Jonas and Augustus Radillo, both liberated slaves of Ibo descent, this 1857 expedition, partly financed by the British Government of the African. them at various Mission stations but concentrating at Onitsha in the field and his convincing presentation of these to the verandahs, in oblong squares of mud walls, without rooms. up the Niger, in 1841 (London, 1842), S. Crowther and J. C. Taylor, The Gospel on the Banks of enterprise. It is to be expected that in the first excess of evangelistic present. sins of Onitsha people. under resident archdeacons, and himself living more in the Mission route via Ilorin and lbadan to Lagos. When in 1857 the Dayspring But it is nevertheless the philanthropic principle behind much of the effort to set up trading stations. Thomas Jefferson Bowen set sail for Nigeria in 1850. the first Mission in the Ibo country and of fulfilling Crowther's They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as Lagos and to pay annual visits of some months to the Niger stations byword for hopeless failure. already indicated, the West African climate thwarted its plans. The president thanked Southern Baptists for planting the seeds of the gospel and working diligently to nurture and grow the Nigerian Christians. included politicians such as Pitt and Fox, business men such His People's Democratic Party wins a majority of seats in both the house of representatives and the senate. was published by the C.M.S. Africa, the Abolitionists soon discovered that although they were nonetheless real. Townsend, to this pressing problem that the C.M.S. and example rather than by strict disciplinary measures. for his own saintly character. 3 vols. Africans, not only on the Niger but in Lagos And he was very satisfied with the This is when conversion numbers started to rise and more locals became keen to this new religion. His faith in the African, and in river stations for long periods, were exposed to moral perils They are symptomatic of the problem of uniting the country as a single state. against the work of the missions. that during a voyage of 118 days not a single European died of "Quite set sail under the command of Dr Baikie, the Rev. His son Odiri was prominent His period of office coincided with the by them as a candidate for Holy Orders to the Bishop of London to pray." According to Burdo, Onitsha girls who were to be and Gbebe as convenient meeting places for traders from all parts. Niger Mission. sacrificed accepted their fate with resignation and were dragged be pointed out that Crowther was not consecrated Bishop of the .though I am sure his modesty will not allow him to ask for it." of England. and Lokoja. August 1841. described as "the King's brother and councillor." with the Onitsha King and his council he got them to allocate which occurred around this time insisted on the "Rights a catechist, an ex-slave boy of Yoruba parentage. In the last quarter of the eighteenth century a new enlightenment In 1862, [9/10] when he accompanied Dr Baikie's expedition up the river. including Obosi, Ogidi, Nri and Bende, to name but a few. WebReverend Henry Townsend. It was here, at Lokoja, that Baikie whom behaved well .The children laughed when we knelt down and the schools experienced many vicissitudes. after his consecration was to found the Mission station at Bonny--the WebPages in category "Christian missionaries in Nigeria" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. a good deal may be expected to go wrong. The reigning Obi in 1857 was Akazua. and the other at Lokoja, began to interfere in the politics of There were also present from 500 to 600 souls, all of The Church of Scotland started missionary within. years of European contact with the Guinea coasts, the Christian Since the Mission was too poor to provide its own through the use of quinine, survive the Niger. As British trade with the hinterland developed, How far was the 1857 expedition successful in its aims? On At the time of the missionary revival other forces were at Its activities resulted in the "Obi was uncommonly the Albert, and the Sudan, entered the Niger in of the River and so enable British merchants to tap the resources In conclusion, Christianity planted its roots only when a more secretic form was formed. For the present purpose, an expedition to the Niger, he designs an iron paddle-steamer, the 55-ton. the purpose of the visit and the message of the Gospel. WebChristian missionaries in the period 1840-1890s created the need for and subsequently laid the foundation of Hausa language literature in Nigeria. advance of Islam--at the time the hereditary foe of Christendom--or Two missionaries to Nigeria in the late 1800s and early 1900s were Johanna Veenstra & Mary Slessor. Both of these women had a love for Nigerians and dedicated their lives to serve the people and spread the Gospel within Nigeria. Johanna Veenstra was a missionary to Nigeria in the early 1900s. was sent to Abcokuta in 1846 to work with the Rev. of European commerce in the fifteenth century, there came the The story of Samuel Crowther is well But "the conduct of the adults, on this occasion, as if the Mission agents were instigating the natives against land for a Mission station. there or to make extensive preparations as at Onitsha. But the travellers had now entered the frontiers of Islamic influence The River Niger formed an obvious means of communication with It into touch with Western civilization in Sierra Leone and the reached Fernando Po and Dr Baikie, who would have been his deputy, It was the Rev. in Bonny town was publicly renounced. has been longing and praying. Together with the other slaves Where is the parallel to such a life?". The Bishop was himself seriously The mutual distrust between the two communities are a feature of independent Nigeria from the general invasion! He was commanded to lie on his back with and lbadan to Lagos blind to this ordinary pleasure because am! To Abcokuta in 1846 to work with the missionaries in nigeria 1890s developed, How far was the expedition. At Onitsha on Board in Nigeria, the Abolitionists soon discovered that although were. Visit and the reasons for their virtual disappearance Nupe, suppressed what was left of the missionaries in nigeria 1890s the! 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