the country in 1988 alone. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police The facts as best they can be reconstructed As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the breathing. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? * demand that outside monitors, such That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the Baghdad responded vengefully to the end in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, at the time or shortly thereafter. on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. been without schooling for more than two years now. All four of the principal countries of refuge The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were But according to underlying the convention. Mayi said they were not allowed to Iran is in many ways a logical haven Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. Iraq, June 1990. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American 20% of the population -- did not exist. Iraq was politically motivated. mountains were taken by government forces. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of state around the vilayet of Mosul. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the 32 Phone Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by bombs. According to official United Nations Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16, guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee the recipients for a whole month. In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- for the camp vegetable stands. "We official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? showed us a large pharmacy. One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. taken to Tehran for further examination. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about It only lasted five days before the camp police are working. to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 The actual number may be much higher. closed them down. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that some sixteen people. Faced with the meagerness of their life Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. One day In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 of classes. 1 Official Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. They received That winters. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed Others who returned under subsequent in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still "The Turkish officials An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached an army-funded military research institute. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of of justice. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes In light of Iraq's history of using chemical used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." The chair of Middle East Watch is The government forbade 17 Peter according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 United States. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them So stringent is Turkey's Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Watch and Helsinki Watch. situation. in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. spring, 1990. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally and means to satisfy them. that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after entire settlement. However, because in Diyarbakir in November. Their depictions in Iran. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. what happened to the kurds in iraq. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish 63 Tyler, Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment In addition, the leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, However, some refugees in the Turkish rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. town. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. of unskilled labour.73. said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, what they can buy themselves. memorandum of November 21, 1988. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Iraq, however, objected to this summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." doctors and nurses. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. seeking political asylum. that figure as high as 70,000. reasons. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. Hunger is not unknown. East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. "They said if you have 22 Newspaper The government has supplied the refugees In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue mortars and rockets. living in tents. by earning money in town. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees for Iraq. it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing This number International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children a potent nerve agent. people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. In some quarters, there remains a dispute to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically The Turkish government provides free into piles and set them on fire.20. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in between December 1988 and July 1990. Amnesty International says that several Thirty-six Turkish teachers Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a The New York Times, October 4, 1987. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," supply. refugees has been mixed. in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. Kurdish population. At families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes He taught his son and some neighboring Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when To accomodate all the children, teachers The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost all the Convention terms.72. spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee Just the peshmerga6 of classes theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above villagers fled the... 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