[32] By this time, Moe's wife had prevailed on him to retire from performing slapstick due to his age. Two years later, on June 5, 2012, these discs were reissued in a DVD boxed set entitled The Three Stooges: The Ultimate Collection - now with a ninth volume (3 discs) entitled Rare Treasures from the Columbia Picture Vault. [4] Curly's wild lifestyle and constant drinking eventually caught up with him in 1945, and his performances suffered. Cur?" Although the block was discontinued after AMC revamped their format in 2002, the network still ran Stooges shorts occasionally. Several instrumental tunes were played over the opening credits of the short features. [6] His childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm (he had no previous acting experience) made him a hit with audiences, particularly children and women (the latter usually finding the trio's humor juvenile and uncouth). 1M views 1 year ago The My Three Sons cast, led by Fred MacMurray as Steve Douglas, is a beloved sitcom that ran for 12 great years. ), and sold poorly.[37][38]. But without the current year's studio pass, Moe was refused entry, later stating that it was a crushing blow to his pride.[4]. They hoped for a full recovery, but Curly never appeared in a film again except for a single cameo appearance in the third film after Shemp returned to the trio, Hold That Lion! "I usually played the kind of character who would hit others back," Besser recalled. Two stations in Chicago and Boston, however, signed long-term syndication contracts with Columbia years ago and had declined to terminate them. Home of Sister Ray Records - the world's most visited record store with over 30 years experience in the trade and based in the heart of London's Soho. In a 1980 episode of M*A*S*H, Charles Winchester shows disrespect for three Korean doctors by calling them "Moe, Larry and Curly", and says that they are "highly-respected individuals in the States". This website is made possible, in part, by displaying a few online advertisements to our visitors. The studio had enough completed Stooge films to be released over the next 18 months, though not in the order in which they were produced. In 1969, they started shooting a pilot for a proposed TV show called Kook's Tour, which would be a travel show in the vein of the Three Stooges. On June 15, 2020, iTunes released The Three Stooges: The Complete Series, which features all 190 shorts in an entire collection. The four appeared in one feature film, Soup to Nuts, before Shemp left to pursue a solo career. [28] It is the last film in which the Stooges appeared and the last known performance of the team. Additionally, every short was remastered in high definition, a first for the Stooge films. They pay for those awards. WSBK-TV in Boston aired Stooges shorts and feature films, including an annual New Year's Eve marathon until their contract expired in September 2022. Now controlled by DeRita's heirs, it has diversified into a brand-management company licensing personality rights to various nostalgia acts, including the Stooges. The team, made up as Japanese soldiers for a photo shoot, is mistaken for genuine saboteurs by a Nazi ringleader (Vernon Dent, the Stooges' primary foil). [65], On February 3, 2016, C3 announced a new action/adventure film titled The Three Little Stooges. [8] Besser had suggested that Moe and Larry comb their hair back to give them a more gentlemanly appearance. During this period, The Stooges appeared on numerous television shows including The Steve Allen Show, Here's Hollywood, Masquerade Party, The Ed Sullivan Show, Danny Thomas Meets the Comics, The Joey Bishop Show,[27] Off to See the Wizard and Truth or Consequences. Written by Joseph Arrington about a month ago, it was first posted to the "Five Nights at Freddy's" amino community. Moses Harry Horwitz (June 19, 1897 - May 4, 1975), known professionally as Moe Howard, was an American actor and comedian, best known as the leader of the Three Stooges, the farce comedy team who starred in motion pictures and television for four decades. In this video, we're taking a look at the My Three Sons. As a result, Shemp resumed being a Stooge full-time for nearly a decade. I was wondering if anybody has a definitive list of which Three Stooges actors and actresses are still alive? ", "Cannes: 'Three Stooges' Returning in Action-Comedy", "C3 Entertainment Inc. Bridges Classic Entertainment Such as The Three Stooges with Contemporary Brands", "The Three Little Stooges Movie Launches Reg CF Campaign on Microventures First Democracy VC, an equity crowdfunding portal from Indiegogo and MicroVentures", "Berlin: 'Little Three Stooges' Project Launching", Play The Three Stooges Slot Read the Review, Play for Fun or Real Money, Curly: An Illustrated Biography of the Superstooge, Interview with Moe Howard on new success with the younger generation, "Even the Three Stooges Needed Second Fiddles", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Stooges&oldid=1142399305. On June 9, 2015, C3 Entertainment announced it is partnering with London-based production company Cake Entertainment and animation house Titmouse, Inc. to produce a new animated Three Stooges series, consisting of 52 11-minute episodes. In the episode "Beware the Creeper" of The New Batman Adventures, the Joker retreats to his hide-out after a quick fight with Batman. All eight volumes are also available on iTunes. Moe was stunned and contemplated disbanding the Stooges. garrett leaks twitter [4] He adopted first a crew cut and later a completely shaven head, thus becoming "Curly Joe. The Three Stooges (in their Curly Joe period) make a brief cameo appearance as airport firemen in the 1963 film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. On July 19, 2017, C3 began seeking crowdfunding to pay for a portion of the budget. While the network stopped airing Stooges shorts regularly from 2013 to 2015, they were occasionally shown as filler if a movie ran short, as well as in holiday marathons. By 1940, the series ended. [25] In 1968, they toured Hawaii where they starred in the International 3-Ring Circus at the Honolulu International Center. Moe and Larry were impersonating Chinese laundrymen in an attempt to fool the local cop. After Winchester throws out his back and is unable to relieve the pain through conventional methods (in real life, Winchester would've received an automatic medical discharge from the United States Army), Colonel Potter has the Korean doctors try acupuncture (much to Winchester's dismay), which cures Winchester. From 1934 to 1946, Moe, Larry and Curly produced over 90 short films for Columbia, bringing them their peak popularity. To mask his insecurities, he ate and drank to excess and caroused whenever the Stooges made personal appearances, which was approximately seven months of each year. I don't know if i will work on the other stories for now but I am hoping to complete a full rewrite of this story. On January 9, 1970, during production of the pilot, Larry suffered a paralyzing stroke, ending his acting career along with plans for the television series. Columbia Pictures blocked the series from going into production, but allowed the Stooges to make television guest appearances. Violent is the Word for Curly (1938) was a quality Chase-directed short that featured the musical interlude "Swingin' the Alphabet". Over time, they were joined by Moe's brother, Shemp Howard, and then Larry Fine. This volume is not available separately, and comprises two feature films and three cartoons featuring all three Stooges, and also some of their solo work (14 shorts featuring Shemp Howard, 10 shorts featuring Joe Besser, and four shorts featuring Joe DeRita). The Three Stooges Supporting Actresses: Christine McIntyre With grace, a voice of an angel, brilliant comedic timing, and a great right hook, actress Christine McIntyre brought an elegance to the 36 Three Stooges film shorts in which she was featured during the course of her acting career. [55], Casting the title characters proved difficult for the studio. [4] Unlike other films shorts that aired on television, like the Looney Tunes, Tom and Jerry, and Popeye, the film shorts of the Stooges never had a regularly scheduled national television program to air in. Bernds had been contemplating his resignation for some time, as he and Jules White were often at odds. By 1956 Moe Howard and Larry Fine were carrying the short-subject series as a two-man team, apart from third member Shemp, who was seen entirely in older footage. [15], Despite Besser's prolific film and stage career, Stooge entries featuring him have often been considered the team's weakest. It had all the DVDs from volumes 1 through 8 but it did not include the "Rare Treasures from the Columbia Picture Vault" discs. Circa 1940: The Three Stooges peer around a column while hiding. 2,500 people visit it yearly, many during the annual Three Stooges Fan Club gathering in April. [12] Sitcoms, however, were available for free on television, making the short film a throwback to a bygone era. She was 90. [4] Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. However there is one actor, who played a recurring character, who is the only one not around anymore. Throughout the early 1960s, the Stooges were one of the most popular and highest-paid live acts in America. He yells out for his three henchmen "Moe? They cranked out those shorts usually in a 4 day film shoot. [42] Volume Seven included 3-D glasses for the two shorts: Spooks! Antenna TV, a network broadcasting on the digital subchannels of local broadcast stations (owned by Tribune Broadcasting, who also owns KTLA), began airing the Stooges shorts upon the network's January 1, 2011 launch, which ran in multi-hour blocks on weekends through December 29, 2012; most of the Three Stooges feature films are also broadcast on the network, through Antenna TV's distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Entertainment (whose Columbia Pictures subsidiary released most of the films). Is any Bonanza cast still alive? This is a list of actors who have co-starred in films with The Three Stooges. After the treatment, one of the doctors tells Winchester "Not bad for Three Stooges, huh? In a near 50-year span from 1922 to 1970, their vaudeville humor had a profound impact on the industr. [citation needed]. In 1999, it was replaced with a program called N.Y.U.K. After slipping into a coma, he died a week later from a cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 1975. "[56][57] was an inside joke which stood for Alte Kocker (Lit: elderly person who is defecating), a Yiddish idiom which means an old man or woman of diminished capacity who can no longer do things they used to do. [8] The final comedy produced was Flying Saucer Daffy, filmed on December 1920, 1957. It was the only film that contained all four of the original Stooges (the three Howard brothers and Larry) on screen simultaneously. [61] The film was released on April 13, 2012, and grossed over $54 million worldwide. Koceimba, Bill, with Kaufman, Eric A., and Sack, Steve. Unsuccessful attempts were made in 1970 and 1975 to revive the act with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka in Fine's role, but they were cut short by Moe Howard's death on May 4, 1975. Steven Hill - alive. After finding "the lost tapes", Bergeron brought them into Stern's production studio. Recycled footage of Shemp, combined with new footage of Columbia supporting player Joe Palma doubling for him (see also Fake Shemp), was used to complete the last four films: Rumpus in the Harem, Hot Stuff, Scheming Schemers and Commotion on the Ocean (all released in 1956).[4]. The oldest of the Golden Era stars, the . Aesthetically, the Stooges violated every rule that constitutes "good" comedic style. Larry suffered another stroke in mid-December 1974, and four weeks later an even more massive one. There is perhaps no "M*A*S*H" character more beloved that Corporal Walter "Radar" O'Reilly, the 4077th's company clerk played spectacularly by Gary Burghoff. . It sold about 10 copies, so they went now Bob Stanley is focusing on a smaller but an official book," says Stanley). Plus if it would be like other all-female reboots, it would be mediocre at best. He was 83 and had been living at the Motion Picture and Television Hospital in Woodland Hills, Calif., for two years. He was 83 and had been living at the Motion Picture and . [26], The Stooges also tried their hand at another weekly television series in 1960 titled The Three Stooges Scrapbook, filmed in color and with a laugh track. Their characters lacked the emotional depth of Charlie Chaplin and Harry Langdon; they were never as witty or subtle as Buster Keaton. probably ghost busters 2016. holy crap that was 4 years ago. Another large and lovable cast including nurses and adorable dogs. It was not until 1958 that Screen Gems packaged 78 shorts for national syndication; the package was gradually enlarged to encompass the entire library of 190 shorts. Shemp wanted assurance that rejoining them would be only temporary and that he could leave the Stooges once Curly recovered. Although devastated, Moe and Larry kept the act alive, recruiting comedian Joe Besser as the third Stooge. The release of nearly all their films on DVD by 2010 allowed critics of Joe Besser and Joe DeRitaoften the recipients of significant fan backlashto appreciate both men's unique styles of comedy. Between 1980 and 1985, Columbia Pictures Home Entertainment and RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video released a total of thirteen Three Stooges volumes in various formats. Its unflattering portrayal of Ted Healy led Healy's son to give media interviews calling the film inaccurate. Over 60 years since their last short film was released, the Three Stooges remain popular. Two of the team's finest efforts were directed by Bernds: Brideless Groom (1947) and Who Done It? [54] The Farrellys, who wanted to make the film since 1996, said that they were not going to do a biopic or remake, but instead new Three Stooges episodes set in the present day. During a five-month hiatus from August 1945 through January 1946, the trio committed themselves to making a feature film at Monogram, followed by a two-month-long live appearance gig in New York City, with performances seven days a week. (1947), Hokus Pokus (1949), Scrambled Brains (1951), A Missed Fortune and Corny Casanovas (both 1952). [6], During the final day of filming Half-Wits Holiday (1947) on May 6, 1946, Curly suffered a debilitating stroke on the set, ending his 14-year career. The set contains shorts from the first three years the Stooges worked at Columbia Pictures, marking the first time ever that all 19 shorts were released in their original theatrical order to DVD. The act was also known as "Ted Healy and His Southern Gentlemen" and "Ted Healy and His Racketeers". Curly's cameo appearance was recycled in the remake Booty and the Beast, 1953. It will star Gordy De StJeor, Liam Dow, and Luke Clark as 12-year-old versions of Moe, Larry, and Curly. Moe proposed that he and Larry could continue working as a duo, "The Two Stooges." The four stars Gleason, Randolph, Audrey Meadows as Alice Kramden and Art Carney as Ed Norton got the scripts 24 hours before the taping. [30] Garner had worked with Ted Healy as one of his "replacement stooges" decades earlier and was briefly considered as Joe Besser's replacement in 1958. Larr? Cast Members. Judge Alan. At the times of these interviews, Moe was still living at home, while Larry had suffered a stroke and was living in a Senior Citizen's home. Stooge Businesses [79] Stooge Goofs [1390] Stooge Mayhem [190] . Healy tried to save his act by hiring replacement stooges, but they were inexperienced and not as well-received as their predecessors. Based on the Stooges earning money by doing odd jobs to prevent the foreclosure of an orphanage, it incorporated audio from the original films and was popular enough to be reissued for the Game Boy Advance in 2002, as well as for PlayStation in 2004. [8], Within their first year at Columbia, theater bookings for the Stooges films took off. Their films have never left American television since first appearing in 1958. White also contributed a few fair entries, such as Hold That Lion! The most famous example occurs 15 minutes into the 1938 short Mutts to You. The Three Stooges comedy team consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, Shemp Howard (1930-1932, 1946-1955), Curly Howard (1932-1946), Joe Besser (1956-1957), and Curly Joe DeRita (1958-1969) The Stooges made 190 short comedy films for Columbia Pictures released from 1932 to 1959. James Arness. In 2019, The Three Stooges were picked up by MeTV as part of their lineup. [14] He realized, however, that not rejoining the Stooges would mean the end of Moe's and Larry's film careers. Both Moe and Jules White approved of the idea, but used it sparingly. Dan Blocker / Everett Collection. The Three Stooges appeared in 220 films through their career. The Three Stooges continued with two other actors, Joe Besser and later Joe De Rita, playing the character Curly Joe. If public taste is any criterion, the Stooges have been the reigning kings of comedy for over fifty years. The language used by the Three Stooges was more slang-laden than that of typical feature films of the period and deliberately affected a lower class status with use of crude terms, ethnic mannerisms and inside jokes. The original thirteen volume titles were later reissued on VHS by its successor, Columbia TriStar Home Video, between 1993 and 1996, with a DVD reissue between 2000 and 2004. Moe visited Columbia several weeks after the dismissal to say goodbye to several executives. He is 67 years old. [69] The film's budget is $5.8 million. Guests: The Three Stooges, Dorothy Collins, Carole Coleman, Danny Daniels, Larry Douglas and The Tally Beatty Dancers. In most other languages, the Three Stooges are known by some corresponding variant of their English name. Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze, All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth, Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No, Annecy International Animated Film Festival, "The Three Stooges Extreme Rarities Trailer", "ThreeStooges.net:: The Three Stooges Journal Issue No. In Thai, the trio is known as 3 (RTGS:Sam Samun Chom Puan, pronounced [sm smn tm pan]) or 3 (RTGS:Sam Phi Nong Chom Yung, pronounced [sm p n tm j]). [15] They played theaters, summer festivals, fairgrounds, and other venues, and twice performed as the featured act at the Canadian National Exposition. It was one of a few shorts to be made with an early two-color Technicolor process. [64] Production was scheduled to begin in 2018. Nearly every film produced became a classic in its own right. On June 6, 2005, the network began running the Stooges Slap-Happy as a one-hour summer comedy block which ended on September 2, 2005. Great body, but his face is mid. Scarlett and Blake. Lenburg, Jeff, with Maurer, Joan Howard, and Lenburg, Greg. Ted Okuda's and Edward Watz's book The Columbia Comedy Shorts puts the Stooges' legacy in critical perspective: Many scholarly studies of motion picture comedy have overlooked the Three Stooges entirely and not without valid reasoning. The studio decided to downsize its short-subject division, resulting in producer Hugh McCollum being discharged and director Edward Bernds resigning out of loyalty to McCollum. Are there any Three Stooges supporting actors still alive? [8] Three Smart Saps (1942), a film considered to be an improvement, features a reworking of a routine from Harold Lloyd's The Freshman (1925), in which Curly's loosely basted suit begins to come apart at the seams while he is on the dance floor. [8] Their contracts with the studio included an open option that had to be renewed yearly, and Cohn would tell them that the short subjects were in decline, which was not a complete fabrication (Cohn's yearly mantra was "the market for comedy shorts is dying out, fellas"). These also included one featuring Curly without Healy or the other Stooges, Roast Beef and Movies (1934), as well as the recently rediscovered Technicolor short Hello Pop!. Still, in the 1960s the Three Stooges managed to churn out feature-length films, 41 live wraparound segments and a cartoon series, according to Empire. In August 2017, they exceeded their minimum goal of $50,000.[70]. Columbia Laff Hour (introduced in 1956) was a random assortment that included the Stooges among other Columbia comedians like Andy Clyde, Hugh Herbert, and Vera Vague; the content and length varied from one theater to the next. Answer (1 of 2): Yes every main cast member is still alive. They appeared in a larger capacity in 1963 in 4 for Texas starring Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. Quickly, though, his physicality and roots made him perfect for several westerns. By September 1959, all 190 Stooge shorts were airing regularly. The first colorized DVD releases, distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, were prepared by West Wing Studios in 2004, using actual costumes and props for reference. Julie Gibson. Columbia was the last studio still producing live-action two-reel comedies (the Stooges' last live-action competition, the one-reel Joe McDoakes series, had ended its run in 1956), and the market for such films had all but ceased. Moe wrote in his autobiography that they each received $600 per week (equal to $12,154 today) on a one-year contract with a renewable option;[7] in the Ted OkudaEdward Watz book The Columbia Comedy Shorts, the Stooges are said to have received $1,000 among them for their first Columbia effort, Woman Haters (1934), and then signed a term contract for $7,500 per film (equal to $151,922 today), to be divided among the trio. Joe Besser was married for 56 years, Moe Howard was married fifty years, and Larry Fine was married forty-one years. lighting technician Justin Yardley Jones . In addition to the unsuccessful television series pilots Jerks of All Trades, The Three Stooges Scrapbook, and the incomplete Kook's Tour, the Stooges appeared in an animated series, The New Three Stooges, which ran from 1965 to 1966. But the cast still got up to some truly remarkable work after the fact, and although many of them are long gone now, they still deserve to be celebrated. 1. Screenwriter Elwood Ullman, who had worked closely with Bernds, also resigned. An epic comedy with an all-star cast, this film contains many cameo appearances by famous comedians. In 1993, the Three Stooges won the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award. Thankfully stuff is back on track and it's going good for once. Originally slated were Sean Penn to play Larry, Benicio del Toro to play Moe, and Jim Carrey to play Curly. Hoi Polloi (1935) adapted the premise of Pygmalion, with a stuffy professor making a bet that he can transform the uncultured trio into refined gentlemen; the plotline worked so well that it was reused twice, as Half-Wits Holiday (1947) and Pies and Guys (1958). However, Norman Maurer was able to reuse the footage (reprocessed in black and white) for the first ten minutes of The Three Stooges in Orbit. Their final recording was the 1966 Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No, which incorporated the Three Stooges into the cast of the Yogi Bear cartoons.[4]. However, his whining mannerisms and the lack of slapstick punishment against him did not quite blend with the Stooges' brand of humor. I've never gotten the fascination with either of them. The Three Stooges were an American vaudeville and comedy team active from 1922 until 1970, best remembered for their 190 short subject films by Columbia Pictures. Besser had been starring in his own short-subject comedies for the studio since 1949 and appeared in supporting roles in a variety of movies, making his persona sufficiently well known. The Stooges also performed live when they weren't cranking out studio shorts. In 1930, Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in Soup to Nuts, their first Hollywood feature film, released by Fox Film Corporation. ), Pauley, Jim, "The Three Stooges Hollywood Filming Locations" (2012) Santa Monica Press (documents the outdoor filming locations of the Stooges' most famous Columbia Pictures short films made in and around Hollywood between 1934 and 1958, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 04:58. By the 1970s, some local stations showed a Columbia short and a New Three Stooges cartoon in the same broadcast. The Three Stooges Follies (1974) was similar to Laff Hour, with a trio of Stooge comedies augmented by Buster Keaton and Vera Vague shorts, a Batman serial chapter, and a Kate Smith musical. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.[6]. Who were the six Stooges? In Persian the trio are dubbed as " ". Quote from: BeAStooge on October 12, 2010, 09:32:49 PM. Los Angeles (Reuter) - A bankruptcy court has confirmed that the heirs of the Three Stooges - Larry Fine, Joe "Curly Joe" DeRita and Moe Howard - own the rights to their work. Both Healy and the Stooges went on to separate successes, with Healy dying under mysterious circumstances in 1937. Join the vinyl revival! The most commonly used were: The verse portion of the Civil War era song ", The Stooges broke into a three-part harmonized version of "Tears" ("You'll Never Know Just What Tears Are") in, The original song "Frederick March" (named for the actor, The Moe/Larry/Curly Joe lineup of the Stooges recorded several musical record albums in the early 1960s. [12] In contrast, Hoofs and Goofs, Horsing Around, and Muscle Up a Little Closer (all 1957) mostly resembled the sitcoms of the era. According to Moe Howard's autobiography,[7] the split was precipitated by Healy's alcoholism and abrasiveness. In the October 13, 1967 "Who's Afraid of Mother Goose?" The series will be launched to potential buyers at the market of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[50][51]. [72], A VCR game was released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 1986, which utilized a number of classic Stooges clips.[73]. The block aired several shorts often grouped by a theme, such as similar schtick used in different films. Curly Joe DeRita, the last surviving member of the Three Stooges team of hard-edged slapstick comedians, died on Saturday in Los Angeles. The team was signed and publicity shots were taken, but one week prior to March's filming date, Moe was diagnosed with lung cancer and the Stooges had to back out; he died on May 4, 1975. Meanwhile, the rights to the Stooges' feature films rests with the studios that originally produced them (Columbia/Sony for the Columbia films, and The Walt Disney Company for the Fox Film/20th Century Fox films). That was for the TEAM, not EACH. (1940) and its sequel I'll Never Heil Again (1941) lampooned Hitler and the Nazis at a time when America was still neutral. [40] Volume Six: 19491951 was released June 16, 2009,[41] and Volume Seven: 19521954 was released on November 10, 2009. In 1959, KTTV in Los Angeles purchased the Three Stooges films for air, but by the early 1970s, rival station KTLA began airing the Stooges films, keeping them in the schedule until early 1994. Forrester, Jeff, with Forrester, Tom, and Wallison, Joe. Greg Morris - dead. Moe was cast as "Moe Hailstone", an Adolf Hitler-like character, with Curly playing a Hermann Gring character (replete with medals) and Larry as Joachim von Ribbentrop-type ambassador. [8], In A Plumbing We Will Go (1940)one of the team's quintessential comediesthe Stooges are cast as plumbers who nearly destroy a socialite's mansion, causing water to exit every appliance in the home, including an early television set. Lenburg, Jeff, with Maurer, Joan Howard, and Lenburg, Greg (2012). Beginning in 1959, the Three Stooges began appearing in a series of novelty records. They were a hard-working group of comedians who were never critics' favorites; a durable act that endured several personnel changes in careers that would have permanently sidelined a less persistent act.